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Conducting bioinformatics research

Regardless of whether you’re an experienced researcher or a newcomer to this field, this comprehensive guide will walk you through the vital steps for conducting bioinformatics research effectively.

Step 1: Define Your Research Objectives

At the outset of your bioinformatics research journey, it is imperative to establish clear research objectives. Begin by formulating the scientific questions you aim to answer. What questions do you want to answer? What are you looking to solve? What problems are you looking to address? Articulate your specific research objectives and the outcomes you anticipate achieving.

Step 2: Acquire Relevant Skills and Knowledge

Gain an in-depth understanding of biology, encompassing the biological systems and processes pertinent to your research. Familiarize yourself with genetic concepts and genome sequencing techniques, which form the bedrock of many bioinformatics projects. Delve into computer science, where mastering programming languages such as Python and R is indispensable. Additionally, acquire proficiency in data analysis and familiarize yourself with a diverse array of bioinformatics tools.

Step 3: Access Data Resources

One of the foundational components of bioinformatics research involves working with biological data. To access pertinent data resources:

Rely on databases such as GenBank, NCBI, and Ensembl, each offering extensive repositories of genetic and genomic data. Explore data repositories provided by institutions like the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) or the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (guide on how to navigate these sites coming soon!).

Step 4: Select Appropriate Tools and Software

Selecting the right tools and software is imperative for successful bioinformatics research. Opt for tools and software that align with your research requirements: Bioconductor is an invaluable resource for genomics data analysis in R. Biopython provides a comprehensive toolkit for computational biology in Python. BLAST, a widely-used tool, facilitates sequence similarity searches. Tailor your choice of phylogenetics software, whether it be MEGA, RAxML, or BEAST, to the specific demands of your research.

Step 5: Data Collection and Preprocessing

Gather the data needed for your research and prepare it for analysis: Initiate the process by meticulously cleaning and formatting your data. Subsequently, expunge duplicates, contaminants, or sequences of inferior quality to ensure data integrity. Normalize data, if required, to achieve consistency in your dataset.

Step 6: Data Analysis and Visualization

Data analysis is the core of bioinformatics research and encompasses several crucial components:

Embark on your data analysis journey by deploying descriptive statistics to gain a comprehensive understanding of your dataset. Apply relevant algorithms such as sequence alignment, sequence assembly, or clustering, depending on the objectives of your research. You might want to do some further research into each of these analyses and which one suits your personal project. Enhance your research by visualizing your results through plots, graphs, and interactive tools that facilitate comprehension.

Step 7: Interpret and Draw Conclusions

Interpretation of research findings is essential in bioinformatics research: Thoroughly analyze your results in the context of your research objectives, ensuring they are in alignment. Frame meaningful conclusions and hypotheses based on your findings. Discuss the implications and significance of your research, emphasizing how it contributes to the broader understanding of your research domain.

Step 8: Document Your Work

Comprehensive documentation is pivotal to the success of your bioinformatics research:

Maintain a research notebook to meticulously record your progress, insights, and observations. Utilize version control for both code and data to keep an organized and traceable record of your research. Document data sources, analysis methods, and results thoroughly to ensure reproducibility and transparency in your work.

Step 9: Seek Funding and Resources

Bioinformatics research often demands computational resources and support. Explore opportunities to secure funding:

Look into grants, scholarships, and funding opportunities tailored to your research area. Seek access to high-performance computing clusters or cloud computing resources to facilitate your computational needs.

Goodluck!

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The complete guide on how to publish high school research

Our writer's academic conference!

What does it mean to have your research published?

Having your research published refers to the process of formally presenting your project or scientific study in a publicly accessible medium, (most typically a journal). This publication process involves submitting your work to a peer review, where experts in relevant fields assess the quality, validity, and significance of your research. If your work meets the criteria of the reviewing process, it is accepted for publication, making it available to the broader academic community and contributing to the advancement of knowledge in your chosen area of study. Published research provides a source of reference for other scholars, and establishes your work as part of the established literature in the field.

As a high schooler, publishing not only allows you to share your findings with a wider audience but also provides you with a tangible accomplishment that can be highlighted on college applications and resumes.

What types of research can get published?

Almost any kind of research can be published—usually original research projects or literature review articles. The more original your research is, however, the wider your range of options are for publication locations. If you intend on writing a literature review, for example, it is much more difficult to be published since it requires no original data collection or experimentation. If you are conducting original experimentation/analysis, then the bar for publication is lower as original experimentation is often higher in difficulty.

Impact factors of a journal

The most common way to publish research (beyond high school) is in an academic journal. All journals have a Journal Impact Factor (IF or JIF), a metric used to assess the significance and influence of a research journal within its field of study. The number itself provides a quantitative measure of how often articles published in a specific journal are cited by other researchers over a certain period.

Here’s how it works:

  1. Citations: The number of times articles from a journal are cited by other researchers in their own work is counted over a specific period, usually a year. This is an indicator of how frequently the research published in that journal is being referred to and built upon by the broader academic community.
  2. Calculation: The Impact Factor is calculated by dividing the total number of citations a journal received in a given year by the total number of articles published by the journal in the previous two years.
  3. Interpretation: A higher IF indicates that articles published in that journal tend to be cited more frequently by other researchers. Journals with higher IF are generally considered to have a greater influence and significance within their field.

Researchers often consider IF as one of many factors when choosing where to submit their work. They also use it as a tool to assess the standing of journals within their field and to determine which journals have a higher likelihood of providing visibility to their research. However, it’s crucial to remember that IF is just one of several metrics and should be considered in context with other factors such as the journal’s reputation, scope, and alignment with the researcher’s work.

So, how do you get published?

1. Student science journals

Student science journals are journals that cater to and are specifically tailored to publishing research conducted by high school students, usually characterized by a stringent peer-review process. These journals adhere to a comprehensive peer-review system, ensuring the credibility and quality of the research they publish. They maintain specific criteria for accepting papers, varying from embracing novel data analyses to considering literature reviews. Unlike journals with predetermined publication slots, these peer-reviewed journals do not have a fixed number of spaces allocated. However, they maintain a discerning standard, carefully evaluating the nature of research they admit.

Keep in mind that while these journals still value quality and rigor, they are often slightly more forgiving of the limitations of high school research, as they understand the difficulties and limitations of high school research. However, your work should still be well-researched, well-written, and contribute something meaningful to the academic conversation.

When considering high school research journals, make sure to carefully review their submission guidelines, deadlines, and specific focus areas. Adhering to these requirements will increase your chances of having your research accepted and published in a reputable outlet.

2. University or research institution collaboration

The majority of high school research projects are conducted under a professor researcher at a university lab, usually either through cold emailing or structured summer programs. These opportunities offers high school students an exceptional opportunity to expand their research horizons and tap into a wealth of resources beyond their school’s confines. Students have access to cutting-edge laboratories, advanced equipment, and expert mentors who possess a wealth of experience in their respective fields—resources that are usually not be readily accessible within a high school setting (hence why these projects are generally considered more advanced and original).

University lab research is often the most sought after because the guidance and mentorship provided by the lab professors can significantly enrich your research journey. They can offer valuable insights into experimental design, data analysis techniques, and the overall research process. Their feedback can help refine your approach, ensure methodological rigor, and align your work with industry standards.

Secondly, these projects often open doors to more formal publication opportunities. Research institutions frequently have established relationships with academic journals, granting you exposure to platforms that are not typically accessible to high school students. This exposure not only enhances the credibility of your work but also introduces you to a wider network of professionals in your chosen field. Collaborative research projects might even lead to co-authorship with experienced researchers, solidifying your place in the academic community and enhancing your potential for future research endeavors.

3. School or local publications

School or local publications offer a welcoming platform for high school students to share their research findings and contribute to their educational or community ecosystem. These publications typically embrace a supportive and nurturing approach, recognizing the unique perspective of young researchers. When you submit your high school research to these platforms, they consider the value your work adds to the local or school community, appreciating the effort and enthusiasm you’ve invested in your study.

While the review process might not be as stringent as in academic journals, school or local publications still maintain standards of quality and clarity. They ensure that your research is well-communicated, understandable, and adheres to ethical guidelines. Additionally, the leaders of the publications might employ editors who provide feedback and suggestions to enhance your work before publication, which can be a valuable learning experience.

Publishing in school or local publications not only gives you a tangible achievement to celebrate but also instills a sense of pride within your school or community. It’s a stepping stone that prepares you for future academic pursuits while celebrating your current accomplishments.

4. Research competitions


Participating in research competitions provides high school students with a dynamic avenue to showcase their research endeavors and potentially lead to the publication of their work. These competitions, often organized at local, regional, national, or even international levels, offer a platform where students can present their research projects to a panel of expert judges and peers from diverse backgrounds (to learn more about these competitions, visit our partner’s website for more excellent guides!). Winning or even participating in such competitions not only validates the quality of your research but also draws attention to the significance of your findings.

Research competitions are well-aware of the challenges and limitations that high school students might face when conducting research. As such, they usually emphasize the process, creativity, and effort invested in your work, rather than focusing solely on rigid academic standards. This approach recognizes that research conducted at the high school level might be exploratory and innovative, paving the way for unconventional yet impactful findings.

While some competitions offer cash prizes or scholarships, others provide opportunities for publication. Certain competitions are affiliated with journals, magazines, or platforms that specialize in showcasing research conducted by young scientists. Winning or placing in these competitions might lead to invitations to have your research published or featured in these outlets, exposing your work to a wider audience.

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How to find the right research field for you

Begin by exploring your academic strengths and curiosities. Take note of the subjects or courses that excite you the most and consider how they might relate to research topics. If you liked your biology class, consider exploring biology subtopics such as genetics, immunology, virology, and more. If you liked your math class, consider researching topics in pure mathematics, applied mathematics, or even computer science. Reflect on the activities or projects that have sparked your curiosity outside of the classroom, as they can provide valuable clues about your interests.

Engaging with extracurricular opportunities, such as science clubs, STEM competitions, or science fairs, can expose you to a wide array of scientific disciplines. High school Olympiads (SciOly, BioOly, USACO, etc.) are great examples of this. Participating in these activities allows you to gain hands-on experiences, work on collaborative projects, and interact with mentors and professionals in various fields. This exposure will help you discover areas that captivate your imagination and inspire a desire to delve deeper into specific research questions.

Additionally, reading scientific articles, books, or attending lectures and talks on different scientific topics can broaden your knowledge and give you insights into various research fields. Pay attention to how you feel while exploring different subjects – genuine excitement and curiosity often indicate that a research field may be a good fit for you.

Moreover, consider seeking guidance from teachers, mentors, or professionals in the field. They can provide valuable advice, share their experiences, and help you connect with research opportunities that align with your interests. Consider seeking out teachers in your favorite class and asking about their experience. What do they like about their subject? What do they not? What have they done in the field so far? Don’t hesitate to reach out to experts or researchers in areas you find intriguing; their insights can be invaluable in shaping your research journey.

Ultimately, finding the research field that best suits you involves exploration, curiosity, and a willingness to try new things. Embrace the process of discovery and stay open to new possibilities. Remember that your interests may evolve over time, and it’s okay to explore multiple research fields before settling on the one that truly resonates with you. By following your passion and engaging in various research experiences, you will pave the way to a fulfilling and rewarding research path.

Here is a list of possible topics you can consider (please keep in mind that there are vast amounts of different fields and topics to go into, so don’t limit yourself to these):

  • Computer science / Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI involves the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as speech recognition, problem-solving, and decision-making.
  • Environmental science / climate change: The study of climate change focuses on understanding the long-term shifts in Earth’s climate patterns and the impact of human activities on the environment.
  • Biology / Cancer Research: This field seeks to uncover the underlying causes of cancer, develop innovative treatments, and improve early detection methods to combat this complex disease.
  • Neuroscience: Neuroscience investigates the structure and function of the nervous system to understand brain development, behavior, cognition, and neurological disorders.
  • Genomics: Genomics involves the study of an organism’s entire DNA sequence to uncover genetic variations, understand heredity, and improve personalized medicine.
  • Quantum Computing: Quantum computing explores the principles of quantum mechanics to develop powerful computers capable of solving complex problems at unprecedented speeds.
  • Bioinformatics: Bioinformatics combines biology, computer science, and mathematics to analyze and interpret biological data, such as DNA sequences and protein structures.
  • Stem Cell Research: Stem cell research investigates the potential of these versatile cells to regenerate and repair damaged tissues, leading to breakthroughs in regenerative medicine.
  • Computer science / Cybersecurity: Cybersecurity aims to safeguard digital information and systems from cyberattacks and data breaches, protecting individuals, organizations, and governments.
  • Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology involves manipulating materials at the nanoscale to create new materials, devices, and applications with unique properties.
  • Computer science / Machine Learning: Machine learning explores algorithms and statistical models that enable computers to learn from and improve their performance on specific tasks without explicit programming.
  • Virology: This field investigates the causes, transmission, and treatment of infectious diseases, such as HIV, malaria, and COVID-19.
  • Biotechnology: Biotechnology applies biological principles to create new products, therapies, and technologies for medicine, agriculture, and industry.
  • Urban Planning: Urban planning studies address the design and development of cities, focusing on infrastructure, transportation, and sustainable growth.
  • Materials Science: Materials science investigates the properties, structure, and applications of various materials, leading to advances in engineering and technology.
  • Pharmacology: Drug discovery research aims to identify and develop new medications to treat various diseases and improve overall healthcare.
  • Behavioral Economics: Behavioral economics studies the psychological and emotional factors that influence decision-making, guiding policies and interventions to shape economic behavior.
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How to read a manuscript

Conducting a literature review is a critical aspect of any research project. It involves systematically gathering, evaluating, and synthesizing existing research and publications relevant to your study in order to build upon previous knowledge or gather evidence for/against your own paper or experiment. In this comprehensive guide, we will provide step-by-step instructions and essential tips for conducting a literature review.

The general outline for any manuscript is as follows, starting from the top:

Literature Review:

Step 1: Define the Scope and Research Questions: Clearly define the scope of your literature review and the specific research questions you aim to address. This will help you stay focused and avoid getting overwhelmed with irrelevant information.

Step 2: Identify Keywords and Search Databases: Develop a list of relevant keywords related to your research topic. Utilize academic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science to conduct your literature search.

Step 3: Review Abstracts and Titles: Scan through the abstracts and titles of the retrieved articles to assess their relevance to your research questions. abstracts are essentially condensed summaries of the paper, allowing you to understand the basic purpose of the paper without needing to read the entire thing.

Step 4: Read Full-text Articles: Carefully read the full-text articles of the selected papers. Each person has their own way of reading and understanding papers, but we recommend this reading order:

  1. Abstract. This will allow you to understand the basic purpose of the paper first, so you know what you’re getting into.
  2. Results. Results are often at the end of the paper, but that doesn’t mean you should read them last. Knowing what the results are first will allow you to understand more thoroughly the methodology and discussion.
  3. Everything else. After the abstract and results, then go back to read the paper in order (methodology, results, discussion, etc.

Make sure to take comprehensive notes and identify key findings, methodologies, limitations, and gaps in the literature. Look up any words or concepts you don’t know!

Step 5: Analyze and Discuss Findings: Analyze the literature critically. Try to find gaps or limitations in their research, or compare and contrast with different studies.

Extra tips:

  • Stay updated with the latest research by setting up alerts for relevant keywords.
  • Consult with your mentors or peers to get insights and recommendations on relevant literature.
  • Be objective and avoid bias when evaluating and interpreting the findings of different studies.
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Cold emailing 102: I’ve sent the email, now what?

Now, you wait for their response. Cold emailing will often have a very low response rate, so it’s best to stay patient and see who responds.

After a few days of waiting and there’s still no response, here’s what you can do.

1. No response – following up

If your professors still haven’t responded after 1.5-2 weeks, then you can send a follow up email. Sending a follow-up email is essential because it demonstrates your continued interest and shows that you value the opportunity and are committed to the lab. Note that follow ups are generally on the shorter side and much more concise.

Here’s an example template:

Dear [Professor’s Name],

I hope this email finds you well! I remain enthusiastic about the possibility of contributing to your ongoing research projects, and would like to follow up on my previous email regarding a position at your lab.

I wanted to take this opportunity to reiterate my interest in joining your research team. I am eager to immerse myself in the research environment of your lab and apply my skills in [mention any relevant techniques or methodologies you possess]. I am more than willing to provide any additional information you may require, such as references or further details on my research experiences.

Thank you for your consideration, and I hope to have the opportunity to discuss my potential contribution to your lab in person or through a virtual meeting.

Best regards,

[Your Name] [Your Contact Information – Email Address, Phone Number]

2. Followed up, no response – now what?

If after another 1-2 weeks or so and you still haven’t gotten a response, then leave it be. It’s best not to send more than one or two—professors do check their email, and if they haven’t responded after your initial email and a follow up, then chances are they’re not interested.

In the meantime, take the time to do more research and email other professors. Consider applying for official university-affiliated programs or reaching out to other connections around you (including on social media).

Best of luck!

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Cold emailing 101: What is it, and how do I start?

What is cold emailing?

So, what is it? Cold emailing is a proactive approach to reaching out to potential employers, researchers, or professionals without any prior relationship or introduction. Most research internships, if not all, aren’t through official programs, are gained through cold emails. Through personalized emails expressing genuine interest in researching a specific field, you can demonstrate initiative and enthusiasm for scientific exploration. Cold emailing enables you to expand your network beyond conventional avenues (i.e. official summer programs), providing an opportunity to showcase your passion for science and your eagerness to contribute. By being genuine and enthusiastic, you can catch open doors to amazing opportunities that otherwise might not be widely advertised.

1. Pick your field(s) of interest

With numerous branches of science offering a wide range of fascinating topics, it can be overwhelming to pinpoint the perfect fit. To begin the journey, start by exploring your academic interests and passions. Reflect on any science courses, videos, movies, or any kind of media that have intrigued you—that you could see yourself truly enjoy studying. Consider the areas in which you felt a natural curiosity to learn more, and write down a list. Identifying these initial interests will serve as a foundation for narrowing down the fields later on.

Once you have a general direction, take a few hours to do some general internet research into the subfields within your chosen science discipline. For example, if you’re interested in biology, explore fields like genetics, ecology, neuroscience, or microbiology. Watch videos, read books, and scroll through articles. Additionally, it can help to take into account the societal relevance and potential impact of the research you are drawn to. Understanding how your chosen field contributes to addressing real-world challenges can add a deeper sense of purpose to your research pursuits. If possible, look for opportunities to attend webinars or workshops that expose you to these domains. If you don’t find yourself actively engaged in the topic and eager to learn more, then it might not be a preferable field and you can cross it off your list. You can end up with more than one interesting fields, and that’s okay!

Next, consider the practical aspects of conducting research in a specific field. Evaluate the resources available, such as research facilities or academic institutions that specialize in your chosen area. If you live near any kind of university, research their departments and see if they offer what you would like to study. Consider the resources and facilities available at each university. Some research projects may require access to specialized equipment, labs, or collaborative opportunities. Ensure that the universities you are considering can provide the necessary resources to support your research interests. Make sure to keep in mind transportation to and from the potential lab, as well as your time availability.

Remember that choosing a field of science to research is a dynamic and evolving process, and it’s essential to find a balance between what captivates your curiosity and what aligns with your long-term career aspirations.

2. Make a list of desired professors

Once you have your field(s) of interest and facility location(s) chosen, now it’s time to start making a list of possible researchers you’d want to work under.

Delve into the faculty profiles of the universities you are considering. Most researchers are either professors or associate professors at a university. Look for professors whose research aligns closely with your own interests. Oftentimes the professors will have a link to their lab website in their faculty profile, which will have much more detailed information. Pay attention to their publications, ongoing projects, and areas of expertise. Take note of any professors whose work resonates with you, and create a list of potential mentors.

It’s also beneficial to attend academic conferences, seminars, or webinars in your field, if possible. Although this definitely isn’t required, these events offer opportunities to connect with professors, ask questions, and learn more about their research and mentoring philosophy. Networking with professionals in your field can provide valuable insights and may even lead to further potential research opportunities.

As you compile your list of desired professors, prioritize them based on your level of interest and fit with your research goals. Having multiple professors from the same university department is totally okay, but it’s also beneficial to aim to have a diverse list of potential mentors, including professors from different institutions and research backgrounds. Keep in mind that crafting this list is a dynamic process, and your preferences may evolve as you gain more exposure to the research community.

3. Curate your resume

Curating and customizing your resume for a research position at a university lab is essential to showcase your academic qualifications, research experience, and passion for scientific inquiry. Start by creating a clear and concise resume that highlights your academic achievements, relevant coursework, and any research-related experiences you have had so far. Include your education, major, and any honors or awards you have received that demonstrate your dedication to academic excellence. If you haven’t had any prior research experience or notable awards, don’t worry! Some labs may require previous experience or qualifications, but most of the time they are just as open (if not more) to budding scientists. The PIs are usually professors—they teach students, and you’re here to learn!

If you do have experience, tailor your resume to emphasize research-related skills and experiences. If you have participated in any research projects or internships, describe them in detail, highlighting the methodologies used, data analysis techniques, and any notable findings or contributions. If you have presented your research at conferences or published any papers, be sure to include these accomplishments.

Include a section dedicated to technical skills that are relevant to the research position you are applying for. This might include laboratory techniques, software proficiency, or any specialized equipment you have experience using. Demonstrating your technical expertise will show potential mentors that you are well-prepared to contribute to their research team.

4. draft an email outline

Drafting a cold email outline for getting a research internship requires a structured and engaging approach to capture the attention of potential mentors. Start with a concise and professional subject line that clearly states your intention. Mentioning “Research Internship Inquiry” or something similar will immediately convey the purpose of your email.

In the opening paragraph, introduce yourself briefly, providing your name, age, and academic background. This should not be the bulk of your email, and should only be a few (if not one) sentences long

The second paragraph should express your enthusiasm and passion for the specific area of research you are interested in. Be specific! Explain what specific area you’re interested in, why you’re interested in it, and why this professor’s work aligns with your interests. It’s imperative you tailor your email to the specific research interests of the professor or lab you are reaching out to. Mention any publications or ongoing projects from the lab that have caught your attention and explain why their work aligns with your interests, which will show that you’ve done your research and are genuinely interested in contributing to their research team. This is arguably the most important part of the email, because it demonstrates your interest and proactivity. Professors can easily tell if you did your research on them or not based on what you say you’re interested in. (e.g., if you were to write to a professor researching protein synthesis about your passion for immunology, they will be able to tell you didn’t do your research thoroughly enough).

Next, describe your research experiences, if you have any. Describe any previous research projects, internships, or lab work you have been involved in, even if they weren’t related to your current potential field. This paragraph does not have to be long—a few sentences will do. Take a brief sentence afterwards to mention that you’re resume is attached, should they want to know more.

In the closing paragraph, express your eagerness to join their research team as an unpaid volunteer or intern. It might be trickier to explicitly say intern depending on which lab you’re emailing, as paid researchers are usually paid through grants and they might not be able to allocate enough funds for you. Request the opportunity to discuss the internship further, either online (like a phone call or video conference) or in person. Offer to provide any additional information they may need, such as sample works or publications.

Lastly, end your email with a professional and polite closing, such as “Thank you for considering my application” or “I look forward to the possibility of working with you.” Be sure to include your contact information, including your email address and phone number, so that they can easily get in touch with you.

Here’s an example template:

Subject: Research Internship Inquiry

Dear [Professor’s Name],

I hope this email finds you well! My name is [Your Name], and I am a [your academic year] at [your university/institution].

Throughout my academic journey, I have developed a strong interest in [specific research area of interest]. I was particularly intrigued by your work on [mention a specific project or publication from the professor’s lab], because [how the project aligns with your interests].

I have previously studied [mention any previous research projects, internships, or lab work you’ve been involved in]. It was an amazing opportunity, and I greatly enjoyed learning about [relevant knowledge you’ve gained], including learning and gaining experience in a variety of lab experiences from [list relevant techniques or methodologies you are proficient in] to [list other relevant techniques or methodologies you are proficient in].

I am impressed by the collaborative and intellectually stimulating environment of your lab, and I believe that working under your mentorship would provide me with invaluable learning opportunities. As an enthusiastic and dedicated individual, I am committed to contributing my best efforts to support ongoing projects and address research questions with rigor and creativity.

I am writing to inquire if there may be a possibility for me to participate in research activities in your lab, perhaps as a volunteer or unpaid intern. I am keen to contribute in any way and broaden my experience in [specific research area of interest]. I am open to arrange a meeting, phone call, or video conference at your convenience should you be interested.

My resume is attached for your review and I welcome any questions you may have.

Thank you for considering my application, and I look forward to your response.

Best regards,

[Your Name]
[Your Contact Information – Email Address, Phone Number]

6. Extra tips

1. send multiple emails / have backups

Sending cold emails to multiple professors is crucial to increase your chances of receiving a response and securing a research internship. Because the research landscape is competitive, professors receive numerous emails from interested students, and not all emails may be immediately noticed or responded to. By reaching out to multiple professors, you expand the pool of potential opportunities and increase the likelihood of finding a match with a research mentor who has availability and is interested in your academic background and research interests. While one professor may have limited availability for interns, another might be actively seeking motivated students to join their research team.

However, do NOT copy and paste each email to each professor. Although some professor’s area of research may be extremely similar, no two professors are studying the same exact area. You must tailor each email to each professor and their work in the lab in order to show them that you are invested in their work and not their colleague’s work.

2. Humble brag, but don’t be too cocky

If you have previous experience or projects that align with your interest, don’t be afraid to talk about them! Your email and resume are the only chance you get to tell them about your accomplishments. Take care to talk in a neutral tone, and avoid sounding too conceited. Though professors will definitely be looking at your past accomplishments, they are also looking to see who you are as a person. They take into account your personality and collaborative potential, making it really important to show them how your traits align with what they look for.

Best of luck!

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Getting started in the lab: basic laboratory techniques

Starting in a lab: basic techniques to learn

Are you about to start in a lab, but want to be prepared? We got you! Whether you are a student starting your journey in the lab or an aspiring researcher seeking to enhance your skills, mastering basic laboratory techniques is essential. In this guide, we will provide step-by-step instructions for three fundamental laboratory techniques: pipetting, preparing solutions, and working with microorganisms. These basic techniques are applicable to almost all fields, but are used especially when working in life science.

1. Pipetting:

Pipetting is the art of accurately transferring small volumes of liquid. It is crucial for performing experiments that require precise measurements.

Step 1: Familiarize with Pipette Types: Understand the types of pipettes available, such as single-channel and multi-channel pipettes, and ensure they are calibrated and in good working condition.

Step 2: Assemble the Pipette: Attach the appropriate disposable pipette tip to the pipette shaft, making sure it fits securely.

Step 3: Set the Volume: Use the volume adjustment dial to set the desired volume, ensuring it matches your experimental needs. All pipettes, since they’re in small volumes, will be in microliters (uL).

Step 4: Pipette Liquid: There are two “stops” in a pipette, which you will be able to feel. Press the plunger to the first stop, then slowly release to draw up the liquid into the pipette. Place the tip into the destination container and slowly press down the plunger to dispense the liquid. Pressing down the second stop will allow any extra liquid still stuck in the pipette to come out.

Step 5: Eject the Tip: Press the plunger on the other side of the pipette to dispose of the used pipette tip into a designated waste container, being careful not to contaminate other surfaces.

Remember: pipette tips are sterile, which means that if you accidentally touch a surface that’s not your solution or designated container, then you must discard the pipette and use a new one.

2. Preparing Solutions:

Accurate and precise preparation of solutions is critical for reproducible experimental results.

Step 1: Gather Materials: Assemble all necessary materials, including the solute (solid or liquid to be dissolved), solvent (liquid in which the solute is dissolved), and appropriate containers.

Step 2: Calculate Amounts: Calculate the amounts of solute and solvent needed based on the desired concentration and final volume of the solution. Concentration/molarity calculations usually use the concentration formula:

C1V1=C2V2

Step 3: Weigh or Measure Solute: Weigh the solid solute using an analytical balance or measure the liquid solute using a graduated cylinder or pipette.

Step 4: Mix Thoroughly: Add the solute to the solvent in the appropriate container and mix thoroughly using a magnetic stirrer, vortex mixer, or by swirling the container.

Step 5: Adjust pH or Volume (if required): If necessary, adjust the pH or final volume of the solution using appropriate techniques and reagents.

Step 6: Label and Store: Properly label the solution with its name, concentration, and date of preparation. Store it according to the required conditions, such as temperature and light exposure.

3. Working with Microorganisms:

Microorganisms are commonly used in research, and proper handling is crucial to avoid contamination and ensure safety.

Step 1: Sterile Techniques: Master sterile techniques, including proper handwashing, using a Bunsen burner to create a sterile work area, and using sterile equipment and media.

Step 2: Inoculation: Using a sterile inoculating loop or pipette, transfer the microorganism to the appropriate growth medium or experimental setup.

Step 3: Incubation: Place the inoculated medium or experimental setup in an incubator set to the appropriate temperature and conditions for the microorganism’s growth.

Step 4: Monitor Growth: Regularly monitor the microorganism’s growth, observing for any signs of contamination or other irregularities.

Step 5: Proper Disposal: After the experiment, properly dispose of any biohazardous waste, and follow lab safety guidelines for decontamination.

By mastering these basic laboratory techniques, you’ll enhance your research capabilities and ensure accuracy and reproducibility in your experiments. Remember to always adhere to laboratory safety guidelines and consult with experienced researchers or lab staff when learning new techniques! With practice and attention to detail, you’ll build a strong foundation for successful and meaningful scientific research. Goodluck!

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guides

Applying to summer research programs: high school edition

What are high school research programs?

A high school summer research program is a unique opportunity for students to engage in hands-on research and exploration within their chosen academic fields. These programs are typically offered by universities, research institutions, and organizations. Summer programs are usually co-ed, residential programs that range anywhere from 6-8 weeks and often culminate in a final project or presentation. Participating in a summer research program demonstrates a student’s commitment to academic excellence and passion for their chosen field, making it a valuable addition to college applications. It can significantly enhance the chances of being accepted to competitive colleges and universities while offering a transformative experience that sets students apart from their peers. As exciting summer research programs as a high school student can be, most respected programs are often very competitive (think <10% acceptance rate). Here’s a guide on how to craft the best program application:

To start, most programs require the following:

  • Grades transcript
  • Test Scores
  • Letters of recommendation
  • Supplementary essays / personal statement
  1. Research Available Programs: Look for summer research programs at universities, research institutions, and organizations. Utilize online resources, directories, and databases that specifically cater to high school students seeking research opportunities.
  2. Check Eligibility Criteria: Each program will have specific eligibility requirements, such as grade level, age range, coursework completed, and GPA. Make sure you meet all the prerequisites before proceeding with the application.
  3. Start Early: Begin your search for summer research programs well in advance. Many applications have deadlines several months before the start of the program, so give yourself enough time to research and prepare. Most summer programs open their applications at the end of the year (Oct-Nov) and are due at the beginning of next year (Jan-Feb).
  4. Prepare Your Resume/CV: Create a well-organized resume that highlights your academic achievements, extracurricular activities, volunteer work, leadership experiences, and any previous research-related involvement. Some programs will ask for a resume, and some won’t. Make sure you know which programs ask and don’t ask to save time.
  5. Request Recommendation Letters: Many programs require letters of recommendation from teachers, mentors, or community leaders. Ask for letters from individuals who can speak to your academic abilities, research potential, and enthusiasm for learning.
  6. Write a Stellar Personal Statement: Craft a compelling personal statement that showcases your passion for the subject, explains why you want to participate in the program, and demonstrates your suitability as a candidate. Tailor your statement for each program you apply to. For those that ask for supplementary essays, make sure you start drafting and writing a few months before the deadline.
  7. Check for Financial Assistance: Some summer research programs may come with associated costs. If they do, they will also most likely offer financial aid or scholarships, so make sure to research what they offer.
  8. Submit Your Application: Complete the application accurately and submit all required documents before the deadline. Double-check that all materials, including transcripts, recommendation letters, and essays, are included.

Extra tips:

  1. Stay Organized: Keep track of the programs you’ve applied to, their deadlines, and any communication with program coordinators. An organized approach will help you manage the process effectively.
  2. Consider Backup Options: Apply to multiple programs to increase your chances of acceptance. Have a few backup options ready in case you’re not accepted to your first-choice program.
  3. Prepare for the Program: If you get accepted, familiarize yourself with the program’s schedule, requirements, and any preparations you need to make before the start date.
  4. Make the Most of the Experience: During the program, actively engage in research, ask questions, seek mentorship, and network with peers. Embrace the learning opportunities and make the most of the experience.
  5. Follow Up and Express Gratitude: After the program concludes, send thank-you notes to mentors, program coordinators, and anyone else who contributed to your experience. Networking and expressing appreciation can lead to future opportunities.
Categories
informationals

Common laboratory terminology

If you’re starting lab research for the first time, or engaging in any science-related discussion, you’re going to hear a lot of words and phrases thrown around that you might not know. Here’s a list of common terms and phrases so you don’t have to ask later on!

  • Primary Investigator: the primary investigator, or PI, is the holder the lab’s research grant and the lead researcher for the grant project. You can think of this person as the boss of the lab or the head researcher.
  • Journal Publication: a scholarly publication containing articles written by researchers, professors and other experts. These are often published only a few times a year, and are the ultimate goal for any researchers. You’ll often hear someone go, “I’m going to be published in XYZ journal!” which means that their research project was published in that journal. Some journals are more prestigious than others, which is determined by their impact factor.
  • Assay: an investigative or analytic procedure for assessing or measuring the presence, amount, or functional activity of a drug. It’s used in a lot of laboratory settings, and can mostly be interchangeable with “experiment”.
  • Lab meeting: exactly what it sounds. Most, if not all, labs hold a weekly lab meeting, where all the people working in the lab will meet and one person will present updates on their work, usually in a form of PowerPoint presentation, and the rest of the lab will ask questions and discuss. The people presenting will rotate each week.
  • Journal club: All labs will also most likely have a journal club, where lab members will take turns each week choosing a scientific paper related to their field of work and present them in a meeting with the rest of the lab members.
  • Peer review: A type of research evaluation, used before a paper is published. Once a paper is submitted to a journal, the journal will have experts in the same field as the author review the paper for any mistakes or fallacies. This ensures the quality and validity of the research.
  • Methodology: The detailed description of the procedures, techniques, and materials used in a research study. It allows other researchers to replicate the experiment.
  • Literature Review: A comprehensive overview of existing research and publications relevant to a specific topic. This helps researchers understand the context of their work and identify gaps in knowledge.
  • Abstract: A concise summary of a research paper, typically located at the beginning. It provides an overview of the study’s objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. Usually around 300 words.
  • Protocol: A standardized procedure or set of guidelines for conducting experiments or research. This is pretty similar to methodology. Protocols ensure consistency and accuracy in data collection and analysis.
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informationals

What is research?

Team of experienced biologists working on microscopes in laboratory

What is research?

Research is the systematic and methodical investigation of a particular topic or issue to generate new knowledge, explore hypotheses, or solve problems. Any kind of research involves a rigorous process of data collection, analysis, and interpretation, often guided by a set of well-defined objectives and questions. Researchers aim to contribute to the existing body of knowledge, make evidence-based discoveries, and drive innovation in diverse fields, from science and technology to social sciences and humanities: a critical component of advancing human understanding and improving various aspects of society.

Different Types of Research:

There are various types of research, each serving unique purposes and applying specific methodologies. Two primary types of research are clinical and translational research.

Clinical Research: Clinical research is conducted to study human health and disease, involving human participants. This type of research typically includes clinical trials to test new treatments, interventions, or medical devices for their safety and effectiveness. Clinical research is vital for developing and improving healthcare practices, understanding disease mechanisms, and identifying potential therapies.

Clinical research opportunities are often much more limited for high school students, as clinical studies and trials require patient interaction, which involves strict rules and regulations.

Translational Research: Translational, also known as bench or wet lab, research bridges the gap between basic scientific discoveries and their practical applications in healthcare settings. It aims to translate scientific findings in the lab into tangible benefits for patients and the broader community. Translational research often involves moving scientific knowledge from the laboratory into clinical trials and eventually integrating the discoveries into medical practice.

Research mentors:

Research mentors play a pivotal role in shaping the success and growth of aspiring researchers. A mentor is an experienced individual, often a senior researcher or faculty member, who provides guidance and expertise to mentees as they embark on their research journey. One of the primary roles of a research mentor is to help the mentee identify their research interests and goals. Mentors also assist in the formulation of research questions and hypotheses, helping mentees refine their research ideas into feasible and well-defined projects. They offer critical feedback on research proposals and guide students in designing robust experimental methodologies or study protocols. Furthermore, mentors introduce mentees to networking opportunities and professional development activities. They may suggest attending conferences, workshops, or seminars to expand the mentees’ exposure to the broader research community and help them build valuable connections with other researchers.

Publication

The culmination of a research project (or any important finding) often leads to publications, where researchers write an article describing their experimentation and findings and publish in an academic journal. Before research findings are published, they undergo a peer review process. In this process, independent experts in the field critically evaluate the research methodology, data analysis, and interpretation to ensure the study’s validity and quality.